A theory is a guess, a conjecture that is put forward in order to solve a question not solved by existing knowledge and existing theories. By definition, a theory is generic and universal in nature and it should lead to, science speak, prediction that can be tested with empirical evidence, nature, existing evidence via objective testing or should lead to experiments that would generate empirical evidence/data.
This fact is lost on many and specifically the majority of Indic researchers. If not checked in time, this leads to a lot of wasteful discussions and additional confusion. What follows are universal/generic statements of theories. All of them lead to empirical, objectively testable evidence or experiments that generate objectively testable evidence.
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Theories and statements of the theories
[Revolutionary theories by definition are theories that solve the problems and/or provide explanations for the problems not solved by existing theories while preserving the unfalsified successes of the previous theories.]
1. Darwin’s theory: Life on Earth is connected and related to each other,” and this diversity of life is a product of “modifications of populations by natural selection, where some traits were favored in and environment over others.
2. Ptolemy’s theory: The earth was stationary in the center of the universe and everyone including sun, planets, stars revolved around it.
3. Copernicus theory: The sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth and other planets revolved around it.
4. Kepler’s theory: The Sun is around the center (actually at the focal point of the elliptical orbit) of planets and planets revolve around it.
5. Maxwell’s theory: Electromagnetic radiation consists of electromagnetic waves.
6. Oak’s theory for the dating of Mahabharata: Astronomy observations of Mahabharata text are astronomy observations of the Mahabharata times.
7. Einstein’s theory of special relativity: The laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all observers.
8. Einstein’s theory of general relativity: Massive objects cause a distortion in space-time, which is felt as gravity.
9. Oak’s theory for the dating of Ramayana: Astronomy observations of Valmiki Ramayana are astronomy observations of Ramayana times.
10. Niels Bohr’s theory of the atom: Energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another.
11. Pauli’s exclusion principle: Two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously.
12. Heisenberg Uncertainty principle: The more precisely the position of some particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be predicted from initial conditions, and vice versa.
13. Planck’s Quantum theory: Different atoms and molecules can emit or absorb energy in discrete quantities only. The smallest amount of energy that can be emitted or absorbed in the form of electromagnetic radiation is known as quantum. The energy of the radiation absorbed or emitted is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation.
14. Theory of Plate tectonics: The lithosphere exists as separate and distinct tectonic plates, which ride on the fluid-like (visco-elastic solid) asthenosphere.
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Suggest additional theories and statements for these theories (in comments)
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